Author - ab_mnbr

Ines Gacemi

Several large French groups established abroad have contributed to the instability of certain countries by financing equipment for an authoritarian regime or terrorist groups. Read More

Talha Yasir Akar

With hydrocarbons deal earlier this month, Türkiye and Libya move to boost cooperation on land and sea fields of North African nation. Read More

Political Uncertainty

Given the breakdown of most coalitions and the impossibility of resolving Libya’s conflict through force, the country’s political process is currently shrouded in unprecedented uncertainty, as explained below: Read More

INTRODUCTION

Libya, one of the driest countries in the world, faces an alarming and worsening water crisis. In Libya, the narrow coastal region (less than 5% of the country) receives the majority of rainfall. Coupled with increasing water needs as a result of a growing population and over consumption, Libya is facing an increasingly severe water crisis. Read More

Zuhir Atouf

The recent conflict in the Libyan capital, Tripoli, at the end of August 2022, represented the most violent chapter of the ongoing conflict between forces loyal to the Government of National Unity headed by Abdel Hamid Dbeibah and others loyal to Fathi Bashagha. Read More

INTRODUCTION

For more than five years, power cuts and total electricity blackouts have been a prevailing feature of Libyans’ daily life. Depending on the time of the year, power cuts range from four hours to over fifteen hours a day. The peak is the summer season as most houses in Libya have air conditioners because of the hot weather, which subsequently overburdens the half-functioning power system in the country. Read More

Over the past few years, parties to Libya’s protracted conflict have aligned themselves into two main camps. They are commonly known as the east and west camps based on the geographies under their control. However, a simmering undercurrent has caused increasing divergence in the interests and visions of the constituents of each camp. Read More

LEGAL CHALLENGES

The legal framework for SWM in Libya is confusing, self-contradictory, and in conflict with recent government decrees, resulting in the reversal of several reform attempts. Read More

INSTITUTIONAL CHALLENGES

The institutional arrangement governing SWM in Libya creates incentives for the current SWM providers to oppose and resist any structural reform, such as delegation to the municipalities, that could threaten their financial or political interests. Read More

Christos Rozakis

Greek-Turkish relations are on a very negative and dangerous course. The most recent signs give little scope for optimism, as Turkey’s latest letter to the secretary-general of the United Nations and its most recent agreements with Libya exacerbate the already dystopian prospects of relations between the two countries. Read More

Introduction

Over the past ten years, Libya has endured one of the most difficult periods in its modern history. The overthrow of Muammar Gaddafi in 2011, subsequent intrasocietal domestic conflicts, a series of unstable governments, and lack of institutional development have created complex and challenging issues for the country when it comes to effective governance. Read More

Bottom Line up Front

• International and UN mediators have been unable to forge a pathway to unify Libya or prevent renewed civil conflict.
• Clashes between armed supporters of Libya’s two rival governments have escalated, resulting in significant civilian deaths.
• Regional and other outside supporters of each rival administration are also being confronted by other issues and are pushing for compromise.
• European Union (EU) countries are concerned that a return to major civil conflict will interrupt the flow of needed Libyan oil supplies to the global market.

Libya’s neighbors, regional states, and international mediators are increasingly frustrated at the continued fissures in Libyan politics that have produced rival governments competing for control of the country, escalating civil conflict. 

Far from implementing a 2020 United Nations roadmap to achieve political unity through elections, Libya appears to be backsliding into conflict between forces loyal to eastern Libya strongman Gen. Khalifa Haftar and militias backing a Tripoli-based administration led by Abdul Hamid Dbeibah.

In late August, the deadliest violence in more than two years took place as eastern Libya-backed prime minister, Fathi Bashagha, again attempted to enter Tripoli to swear in his government as the sole national authority.

Bashagha was named prime minister by the eastern-based parliament (House of Representatives, HoR) in May 2022 after Dbeibah refused to yield power. The clashes resulted in 32 deaths, representing the highest death toll since Haftar’s 2019 effort to conquer western Libya by force.

The August fighting indicated that pledges by the two rival administrations to avoid further conflict – pledges made after similar although less intense and deadly clashes in early summer – have not been honored, and that a potential return to heightened civil conflict is high.

Clashes in May and June, which involved limited numbers of militia fighters on both sides, resulted in the deaths of one militia fighter and one civilian. Tensions escalated further in late July when at least 13 people were killed in Tripoli as a result of fighting between competing militias.

The deadly August fighting indicates that neither Dbeibah’s nor Bashagha’s administrations are amenable to the compromises needed to hold national elections. Under a United Nations reconciliation roadmap agreed to in October 2020, national elections for a unified president and parliament were to be held in December 2021.

However, the elections were delayed indefinitely when the rival political leaders were unable to agree to the laws and rules needed to hold the vote and determine election winners. Dbeibah, who was appointed as prime minister in the U.N.-backed Tripoli administration in early 2021, asserts that he is the country’s prime minister until national elections are completed.

The eastern-based leaders contend that his term ended in December 2021, even though the elections were not actually held. In June 2022, U.N. mediators sought to forge a compromise on a new constitution framework for a rescheduled national vote, but negotiations broke down.

Dbeibah, Bashagha, and their armed supporters refused to form a unified administration. In addition to preventing Bashagha from installing his government in Tripoli in September, pro-Dbeibah militiamen have also reportedly prevented some Libya parliamentarians from leaving the city to attend meetings of the House of Representatives in Benghazi. In turn, this has led to some parliamentary sessions being canceled.

The deterioration of the political situation in Libya has frustrated not only U.N. mediators but also regional and international stakeholders, all of whom are consumed by major issues triggered primarily by the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

EU countries fear that renewed major conflict in Libya might set off a new wave of refugee flows to Europe and compound the major economic problems EU countries face in the coming winter from Russia’s cut-off of gas supplies.

As a lead European mediator, Germany convened in early September the latest session of the “Berlin Process” – a series of meetings and working group initiative on Libya launched in 2019.

The September 8-9 Berlin meeting convened the “P3 +2 +2” group of Libya stakeholders – the United States, United Kingdom, and France (three permanent members of the U.N. Security Council), plus Italy and Germany (two other EU countries), plus Egypt and Turkey (two regional powers).

However, the meeting appeared to only restate U.N., regional, and other international calls for the contending parties to avoid further conflict and to compromise on forging the legal framework that would lead to national elections.

Russia, through the Kremlin-linked Wagner Group private military contractor, has provided armed support to Haftar; however, Moscow has recently been forced to redeploy some of its forces from regional conflicts, including Libya and Syria, to support its flagging fortunes on the battlefield in Ukraine.

Egypt, another pro-Haftar stakeholder, has had to address recent fighting between Israel and Palestinian militant groups in Gaza, as well as the economic consequences of the Ukraine war, which has caused grain and other import prices to escalate sharply.

Even though Cairo seeks compromise and stability in Libya, its pro-Haftar tilt remains; in early September, Egypt’s foreign minister boycotted a session of an Arab League meeting that was being chaired by a Dbeibah-appointed Libyan representative.

Qatar, a mediator in numerous regional conflicts, is relatively unaffected by the economic effects of the war in Ukraine and has stepped up to try to mediate in Libya.

Doha has generally supported the Tripoli-based political leadership, but Emir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani sought to bolster his ties to the contending sides in Libya by receiving eastern Libya political leaders Aguilah Saleh (speaker of the parliament) and Haftar’s son Belgassem, on their first visits to Doha on September 11.

One global concern about the escalating tensions in Libya appears to have receded. In mid-2022, pro-Haftar militias used attacks on Libyan energy infrastructure to strangle Dbeibah’s Tripoli administration financially.

Those attacks have largely stopped since a July deal between Dbeibah and Haftar to appoint the Haftar-allied Farhat Bengdara as state oil company chief. The attacks drove down Libyan oil production to its lowest level in two years – less than 650,000 barrels per day – a fraction of the approximately 1.2 million barrels per day baseline level.

Since Bengdara took over the sector, Libya’s oil production has been at roughly the 1.2 million barrels per day level, easing global fears that Libyan instability would compound global oil supply shortages.

Still, no regional or international mediator has yet uncovered a formula for persuading the two rival administrations to unify and work toward successful national elections with clear results.

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Libya’s security situation to remain unstable through at least late October amid armed clashes and lack of unified security force. Read More

Sean Mathews

Agreement on energy exploration risks inflaming an already combustible environment in the region, analysts and diplomats warn. Read More

Sghaier Hidri

The showdown between Libya’s rival prime ministers could continue indefinitely unless Turkey plays a more assertive mediation role. Read More

Accused of corruption in multiple countries, Libyan oil tycoon Tatanaki went from funding lobbying efforts that promoted the Gaddafi regime to backing a rebel general’s campaign to vying for the country’s presidency himself. Read More

Gloria Shkurti Özdemir

The Impact of Turkish Drones in Conflicts Some of the latest regional developments including the Nagorno-Karabakh and Ukraine wars have brought Türkiye’s drone industry to the core of many debates, especially in terms of its impact on warfare. Read More

Gloria Shkurti Özdemir

Introduction

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs/drones) have become an indispensable asset in military operations since the beginning of the century. Read More

Sansom Milton and Abdulrauf Elgeroshi

Armed clashes in Tripoli on 28 August sparked fears that Libya was set to slide back into a war reminiscent of the battle for Tripoli in 2019. In no small part due to mediation efforts by Qatar, the country was able to step away from this reality in recent weeks. Read More